Phases of moon
- Full moon = Poornima
- New moon = Amavasya
- The sun, the moon and all those objects shining in the night sky are called celestial bodies.
- Stars have their own heat and light.
- different groups of stars are called constellations
Pole Star/ Polaris/ North star
- Polaris is called pole star.
- Its position doesn't changes much as the earth rotates.
- The North star indicates the north direction.
- We can locate the position of the Pole Star with the help of the Saptarishi /Ursa major/Great bear/Big Dipper.
- unfortunately, There is no south Star.
- Crux (Southern cross / Alpha crucis) = one of easily recognizable constellation in south
- Southern cross is on map of Brazil,Neazealand,Australia etc
- Ursa minor is fainter than Ursa major, and is a bit difficult to locate in the sky
- Ursa major on the other hand is one of the easiest to be found out.
FATE OF PLUTO
 |
| Detailed Picture of Pluto |
◙As per the new definition, A body , in order to be classified as a planet, must satisfy 3 conditions.
2) It must have sufficiently large mass to bear a spherical shape.
3) It must have cleared the neighborhood around its orbit.
◙ The Pluto fulfilled first 3 conditions but not the 3rd one.
◙Eris is the most massive and second-largest known dwarf planet in the Solar System.
◙Presence of other celestial bodies like Make-Make, Haumea etc around the Pluto meant that the Pluto hasn't cleared the neighborhood around its orbit. So Pluto was demoted.
◙Pluto,Eris,Make-Make-Make and Haumea are some of important dwarf planets
◙Eris is the most massive and second-largest known dwarf planet in the Solar System.
◙Presence of other celestial bodies like Make-Make, Haumea etc around the Pluto meant that the Pluto hasn't cleared the neighborhood around its orbit. So Pluto was demoted.
◙Pluto,Eris,Make-Make-Make and Haumea are some of important dwarf planets
MOON
◙Moon diameter is about one-quarter of the diameter of Earth.
◙Moon=384,400 km away from earth.
◙Moon takes 27.32 days to orbit around earth
◙Apollo 11 members were
2) Buzz Aldrin
3) Michael Collins (didn't set foot on moon)
◙Moon=384,400 km away from earth.
◙Moon takes 27.32 days to orbit around earth
◙Apollo 11 members were
2) Buzz Aldrin
3) Michael Collins (didn't set foot on moon)
◙Apollo 11 date =24 July 1969
PLANETS
◙The word ‘planet’ comes from the Greek word “Planetai” which means ‘wanderers’.
◙Total of 8 planets
◙Total of 8 planets
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter,Saturn,Uranus,Neptune
◙Sun is 149.6 million kilometers away from earth.
◙Sun is 149.6 million kilometers away from earth.
 |
| Order and Size comparision of planets |
Mercury
◙Nearest planet to sun
◙Mercury and Venus have no natural satellites.
Venus
◙Hottest planet in our solar system
◙Brightest planet in our solar system
◙Mercury and Venus have no natural satellites.
◙Venus is called earth's twin (because Venus has almost same shape and size as that of earth)
◙255 days around sun
◙only planet to take more time for rotation than revolution
◙That means that a day on Venus is a little longer than a year on Venus.
◙Only planet which Rotates from east to west. (clockwise as seen from North pole)
◙Venus and Uranus are said to have a retrograde or clockwise rotation around their axes.
Earth
◙Earth's axis makes 66.5 deg with the orbital plane.
◙Only known planet to support life
◙71% water, 29% land
◙The oceans hold about 96.5 % percent of all Earth's water, while the remaining 3.5% is freshwater lakes and frozen water locked up in glaciers and the polar ice caps
◙Only 1 natural moon
◙Only 1 natural moon
◙Earth's shape = Geoid
◙Only planet which has not been named after any mythological deity.
◙Only planet which has not been named after any mythological deity.
Mars
◙Red planet (due to rust in the Martian rocks.)
◙There have been more missions to Mars than any other planet.
◙only 2 moons
1) Phobos
2) Deimos
Jupiter
◙Gas giant
◙Largest planet in our solar system
◙Fastest spinning planet in our solar system (means shortest day)
◙has 3 Rings
◙Total 79 moons
◙Main moons (Galilean moons)
1.Ganymede (bigger than mercury)
2.Callisto
3.Io (most volcanic object in our solar system)
4. Europa (can be full of oceans)
◙Juno probe was sent to Jupiter.
◙Venus and Uranus are said to have a retrograde or clockwise rotation around their axes.
Saturn
◙has 3 Rings
◙Total 79 moons
◙Gas giant
◙2nd largest planet
◙Has 7 rings
◙Most number of moons (81)
◙Main moons
◙2nd largest planet
◙Has 7 rings
◙Most number of moons (81)
◙Main moons
1.Titan (largest moon of saturn)
2.Enceladus (could contain wa)
3. Dione
4. Atlas
5. Phoebe
◙Cassini probe was sent to saturn in 1997.
Uranus
◙Gas giant
◙Has 13 Rings (highest number in our solar system)
◙Appears to be rolling on its orbit.
Neptune
◙Gas giant
◙Has 6 Rings
◙Neptune has supersonic winds.(1,770 kilometers per hour)
◙Latitude are called parallels.◙Longitude are called Meridians.
◙All longitudes (Meridians) converge at the poles.
◙Each degree of latitude is approximately 111 km (69 miles) apart.
◙Equator=The great circle
◙North pole=90° N
◙Arctic circle=66.5° N
◙Tropic of cancer=23.5° N
◙Equator= 0°
◙Tropic of Capricorn = 23.5° S
◙Antarctic circle=66.5° S
◙Southern pole=90° S
◙When we move away from equator , size of parallels of latitude decreases.
◙Has 6 Rings
◙Neptune has supersonic winds.(1,770 kilometers per hour)
ASTEROIDS
◙Rocky worlds revolving around the sun that are too small to be called planets.
◙Ceres is largest Asteroid.
◙Asteroid belt = b/w mars and Jupiter
◙Kuiper belt (Beyond Neptune)
◙Top 4 Biggest Asteroids in Asteroid Belt
1.Ceres 2.Vesta 3.Pallas 4.Hygiea
1.Ceres 2.Vesta 3.Pallas 4.Hygiea
GALAXIES
◙Total galaxies in universe = around 100 Bn
◙Our galaxy=Milky way (Akash Ganga)
◙Nearest galaxy to us=Canis major Dwarf
◙Segue 1 is 2nd nearest galaxy to us.
◙Andromeda is closest major galaxy to us.
◙Andromeda is approaching towards Milky way and the two galaxies will collide with each other after about 4 billion years.
◙Andromeda is closest major galaxy to us.
◙Andromeda is approaching towards Milky way and the two galaxies will collide with each other after about 4 billion years.
◙The Andromeda galaxy is the most distant object in the sky that you can see with your unaided eye.
LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE
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| latitude and longitude |
◙Latitude are called parallels.◙Longitude are called Meridians.
◙All longitudes (Meridians) converge at the poles.
◙Each degree of latitude is approximately 111 km (69 miles) apart.
◙Equator=The great circle
◙North pole=90° N
◙Arctic circle=66.5° N
◙Tropic of cancer=23.5° N
◙Equator= 0°
◙Tropic of Capricorn = 23.5° S
◙Antarctic circle=66.5° S
◙Southern pole=90° S
◙When we move away from equator , size of parallels of latitude decreases.
HEAT ZONES
◙Frigid zone =cold and icy
◙Torrid zone=Scorching hot
◙Temperate zone = moderate
◙The mid-day sun never shines overhead on any latitude beyond the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn.
PRIME MERIDIAN & TIME ZONES
Countries on prime meridian
Countries on prime meridian
◙15 degrees in one hour
◙1 degree in 4 minutes
◙Total time zones of earth =24 (each separated by 15 degree longitude
◙France=12 time zones (the most in world)
◙Russia=11 time zones
◙USA=11 time zones
◙Canada=6 time zones
◙China=1 time zone (though it spans 5 geographical zones)
◙There is no time zone at the poles
◙ISS (International space station) uses GMT.(Greenwich mean time/Zulu Time/Z time)
◙International date line passes through pacific ocean.
◙ISS (International space station) uses GMT.(Greenwich mean time/Zulu Time/Z time)
◙International date line passes through pacific ocean.
◙Prime meridian and equator intersect each other at Gulf of guinea
◙Clearly, 180 deg east and 80 Deg west are on the same line.
◙It passes through 5 states
1) M.p
2) Orrisa
3) U.p
4) Chattisgarh
5) Andhra pradesh
mnemonic MOUCA
◙Axis of earth makes an angle of 66.5 deg with its orbital plane.
◙The circle which divides day from night is called "Circle of illumination".
◙Revolution around sun = 365.256 days
◙Rotation around its own axis= 23 hours 56 minutes
Tropic of Cancer passes through
1) Asia
2)Africa
3)North America
Tropic of Capricorn passes through
1) Australia
2)Africa
3)South America
Largest ocean
1) Pacific
2) Atlantic
3) Indian
4) Southern
5) Arctic
mnemonic PAISA
◙North America is joined by south america by a narrow strip of land called isthmus of panama.
◙Australia is called Island Continent.
◙Congo river passes equator twice.
◙Pacific ocean and Atlantic ocean meet at cape horn.
◙Bering Strait connects Arctic ocean with pacific ocean.
AFRICA
◙Nile river -Longest in world
◙Sahara Dessert - Largest in world
◙65% of diamonds in world come from here.
◙Only continent to lie in all 4 hemispheres.
◙Africa is only continent through which equator, tropic of cancer and topic of Capricorn pass.
◙Largest crater on earth made due to impact of meteorite is "Vredefort crater" in south Africa.
S.AMERICA
◙Andes mountains range=longest mountain range in world
INDIA
◙Extent from north to south (3214 km) (Kashmir to kanyakumari)
◙Extent from East to west (2933 km) (rann of kutch to Arunachal pradesh)
◙Total coastline=7516 km
◙Area wise =7th in world
◙Population wise=2nd in world (only behind china)
◙latitude=8 degree 4 ' N to 37 deg 6' N
◙Longitude = 68 deg 7' E to 97 deg 25' E
◙Clearly India lies in north and east hemisphere of the world.
◙Standard Meridian of India = 82.5 deg East
◙It divides India into approximately two equal halves.
◙Standard Meridian of India = 82.5 deg East
◙It divides India into approximately two equal halves.
◙It passes through 5 states
1) M.p
2) Orrisa
3) U.p
4) Chattisgarh
5) Andhra pradesh
mnemonic MOUCA
MOTION OF EARTH
◙Axis of earth makes an angle of 66.5 deg with its orbital plane.
◙The circle which divides day from night is called "Circle of illumination".
 |
| Earth and its seasons |
◙Revolution around sun = 365.256 days
◙Rotation around its own axis= 23 hours 56 minutes
MAPS
1.Physical Map =Mountain,Plateau,Plain,River,Ocean
2.Political Map =Cities,town,villages
3.Thematic Map
=Roads,Rain fall,Distribution of forest, industries etc
COMPONENTS OF MAPS
1.Distance (Scale)
2.Direction (4 Cardinal points)
3.Symbols (They are universal symbols)
COMPONENTS OF MAPS
◙First persons to reach at top of Mt. Everest=Edmond hilary and Tenzing Norgay Sherpa
◙First woman = Junko Tabei
Continents (Largest to smallest)
1) Asia
2)Africa
3) North America
4)South America
5)Antarctica
6)Europe
7)Australia
Largest countries
1) Russia
2) China
3) USA
4)Canada
5)Brazil
6)Australia
7)India
COMPONENTS OF MAPS
◙First woman = Junko Tabei
Continents (Largest to smallest)
1) Asia
2)Africa
3) North America
4)South America
5)Antarctica
6)Europe
7)Australia
Largest countries
1) Russia
2) China
3) USA
4)Canada
5)Brazil
6)Australia
7)India
Tropic of Cancer passes through
1) Asia
2)Africa
3)North America
Equator passes through
1) Asia
2)Africa
3)South America
1) Asia
2)Africa
3)South America
Tropic of Capricorn passes through
1) Australia
2)Africa
3)South America
Largest ocean
1) Pacific
2) Atlantic
3) Indian
4) Southern
5) Arctic
mnemonic PAISA
◙North America is joined by south america by a narrow strip of land called isthmus of panama.
◙Australia is called Island Continent.
◙Congo river passes equator twice.
◙Pacific ocean and Atlantic ocean meet at cape horn.
◙Bering Strait connects Arctic ocean with pacific ocean.
AFRICA
◙Nile river -Longest in world
◙Sahara Dessert - Largest in world
◙65% of diamonds in world come from here.
◙Only continent to lie in all 4 hemispheres.
◙Africa is only continent through which equator, tropic of cancer and topic of Capricorn pass.
◙Largest crater on earth made due to impact of meteorite is "Vredefort crater" in south Africa.
S.AMERICA
◙Andes mountains range=longest mountain range in world
◙Angel Falls=highest waterfall in world
◙Amazon river=longest in world
◙Anacondas are found here.
◙Atacama and Patagonia deserts
◙Atacama and Patagonia deserts
◙The chief movements of ocean
1) Waves
2) Tides
3) Ocean Currents
◙Mariana trench (deepest point on earth) = is in Pacific ocean
◙Layers of Atmosphere
1) Troposphere
2) Stratosphere
3) Mesosphere
4) Thermosphere
5) Exosphere
78% Nitrogen
21% Oxygen
◙Density of atmosphere decreases as we go upwards.
◙Sulfur Hexafluoride has most global warming potential.
◙Sulfur Hexafluoride has most global warming potential.
MAJOR LAND FORMS OF EARTH
1.Mountains
2.Plateau
3.Hill
4.Basin
5.Lake
6.Tributary
7.River
8. Distributary
9.Plain
10.Delta
11. Isthmus
12.Peninsula
13.Coast
14.Strait
15.Island
16.Gulf
17.Bay
Important Mountains
Andes Range = S. America
Himalaya=Asia
Alps=Europe
Types of mountains
1.Fold mountains
●Most common type of mountains
●Worlds's largest mountain ranges are fold mountains.
●Formed when two plates collide
●Upwards folds are called Anticlines.
●Downwards folds are called synclines.
●Examples of fold mountains are
1.Himalaya=Asia
2.Alps=Europe
3.Andes=S.America
4.Rockies=N.America
5.The Urals=Russia
6. Aravalis=India
7.Appalachians =N.America
●Most common type of mountains
●Worlds's largest mountain ranges are fold mountains.
●Formed when two plates collide
●Upwards folds are called Anticlines.
●Downwards folds are called synclines.
●Examples of fold mountains are
1.Himalaya=Asia
2.Alps=Europe
3.Andes=S.America
4.Rockies=N.America
5.The Urals=Russia
6. Aravalis=India
7.Appalachians =N.America
2.Block mountains (Fault-Block mountains)
●formed by vertical uplift of blocks
●uplifted blocks are called Horst.
●Lowered blocks are called Graben.
●Examples of Block mountains are:-
1) Sierra Nevada (N.America)
2) Harz Mountains (Germany)
3)Vosges mountains (Europe)
●formed by vertical uplift of blocks
●uplifted blocks are called Horst.
●Lowered blocks are called Graben.
●Examples of Block mountains are:-
1) Sierra Nevada (N.America)
2) Harz Mountains (Germany)
3)Vosges mountains (Europe)
3.Volcanic
1)Mount Kilimanjaro (Africa)
2)Mount Fujiyama (japan)
●They are rich in minerals
●Also called Table lands
●Examples of some plateaus are
1)Deccan plateau
2)Tibetan plateau
3)African plateau
4)Chota Nagpur Plateau
5)Columbia plateau
●In plateaus there may be several waterfalls
1. Hundru falls (SubarnaRekha River) (chota Nagpur plateau)
2. Jog falls ( Sharavathi River)
2)Mount Fujiyama (japan)
PLATEAU
●Also called Table lands
 |
| columbia plateau |
●Examples of some plateaus are
1)Deccan plateau
2)Tibetan plateau
3)African plateau
4)Chota Nagpur Plateau
5)Columbia plateau
●In plateaus there may be several waterfalls
1. Hundru falls (SubarnaRekha River) (chota Nagpur plateau)
2. Jog falls ( Sharavathi River)
OUR COUNTRY:INDIA
INDIA surrounded by
●Arabian sea=west
●Bay of Bengal=east
●Indian ocean=south
●Himalaya=North
●Total area of India = 3.28 million km square
●India shares boundary with 7 countries
1.Pakistan
2.Afghanistan
3.China
4.Bangladesh
5.Nepal
6.Bhutan
7.Myanmar
●India doesn't share boundary with sri Lanka, because these two countries are separated by Palk strait.
●There are a total of 29 states and 8 Union territories now.
1.Andaman & Nicobar Island
2. Lakshadweep
3. Pondicherry
4.Dadar and Nagar haveli & Daman and Diu
5.New delhi
6.Chanfigarh
7. Jammu and Kashmir
8. Ladakh
●Goa= Smallest Indian state by area
●Rajsthan= largest Indian state by area
◆Himalaya means " Adobe of snow"
●Himalaya is divided into 3 parallel ranges
1.Great Himalaya (Himadari)
2.Middle Himalaya (Hill stations)
3. Shivalik (Southern most range)
●Ganga and Brahmaputra form world's largest delta (Sundar ban delta)
●Deltas are usually triangular in shape.
●Where river enters the ocean, It is called the mouth of the river.
●Thar desert is also called The great Indian desert.
●Important Mountain ranges of India
1) Aravalis
2) Vindhyas
3) Satpuras
●These rivers drain in Bay of Bengal
1)Mahanadi 2)Krishna 3)Godavri 4)Kaveri
●These rivers fall in Arabian sea
1.Narmada
◆Corals and Algae have symbiotic relationship.
●Corals provide protected environment.
●Algae provides glucose , Glycerol, Amino acids.
◆Lakshadweep Island= Arabian sea
◆Nicobar sea=Bay of Bengal
◆Sahyadaris are also called Western Ghats.
●Tropic of cancer passes almost halfway through India.
INDIA (CLIMATE AND VEGETATION)
The vegetation of india can be classified in 5 categories.
1.Tropical Evergreen forests
●Near equator and tropical areas
●No particular dry season
●Trees shed their leaves, but at different times of the year, so the forests still appear green.
●Heavy rainfall
◆Mahogany, Ebony, Bamboo,Sandalwood, Rosewood, Rubber tree
2.Tropical Deciduous forests
●also called monsoon forests
●deciduous is derived from Latin word "Decidere" meaning to "fall off".
●The trees shed the leaves at same time of the year
◆Sal , Teak, Peepal, Neem, Shisham
3.Thorny Bushes
●Found in dry areas
●haryana, Rajsthan etc
●cactus,Khair,Babool,Keekar
4.Mountain vegetation
●Mostly conical in shape
●Called coniferous Trees.
◆Chir,Pine,Deodar
5.Mangrove Forests
●Can survive in saline water
●Found in sundarbans (West Bengal)
●Sundari trees
◆Asiatic Lions found in Gir National park
●Cobra and krait are the snakes found in India.
●Wildlife week=1st week of October.
●Pintail,Duck,curlew,Flamingo,osprey,Little sting are migratory birds which fly to India when it's too cold in their own natural habitat.
●Little sting is smallest migratory bird.
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